Ocean News

Proxies MWP and Roman WP were indeed global

"

Clams hold pearls and insights to Earth’s climate history. Two recent studies examining clams and coral samples in the South China Sea suggest the climate was warmer during the Medieval period than during modern times.

Two studies out of the Chinese Academy of Sciences found that the climate was warmer in the Roman and Medieval warm periods than today, despite much lower atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.

“This new paper adds further material to the substantial body of real-world proxy evidence establishing that today’s global temperature is within natural ranges of past changes,” Dr. Hong Yan with the Institute of Earth Environment at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Studying giant clams and coral reefs, scientists were able to reconstruct sea surface temperature changes going back 2,500 years. What the clam and coral data show is the Roman and Medieval warming periods impacted East Asia and the western Pacific. The study provides further evidence against the theory that there was little global temperature variation until the 20th century.

Both Chinese studies provide evidence for what is called the Medieval Warm Period, which took place during the late Roman Empire and Middle Ages. The period preceded a time of cooling known as the Little Ice Age.

The dominant theory among climate scientists is that the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age were relegated to the Northern Hemisphere, specifically over Europe. But new evidence shows that Middle Ages warmimg may have been more widespread than previously thought.

“The UN’s climate panel should never have trusted the claim that the Medieval Warm Period was mainly a European phenomenon. It was clearly warm in South China Sea too,” said Dr. Willie Soon of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

These two Chinese studies piggyback on a Swedish study from last year also claiming that the climate was warmer during Roman and Medieval times. The Swedish study looked at radiocarbon-dated mega-fossils in the Scandes mountains and tree lines to make its determination.

Swedish scientists wrote that “summer temperatures during the early Holocene thermal optimum may have been 2.3°C higher than present.” The “Holocene thermal optimum was a warm period that occurred between 9,000 and 5,000 years ago. This warm period was followed by a gradual cooling period.”

There is also evidence of warming in Japan and North America during the Middle Ages. For example, researchers have found that in Japan between “AD 700 and 1200… there was about a 1°C rise in average temperature” that “appears to be related to the ‘Medieval Warm Period.'”

This stands in sharp contrast to temperatures from AD 1580 to 1700 when “temperatures were about 2°C below the long-term pre-1850 average during the multi-century Little Ice AThe Medieval and Roman Warm Periods in the Western Swiss Alps

Source: CO2 Science
Leclanche Cave

Leclanche Cave

Reference
Luetscher, M., Borreguero, M., Moseley,G.E., Spotl, C. and Edwards, R.L. 2013. Alpine permafrost thawing during the Medieval Warm Period identified from cryogenic cave carbonates. The Cryosphere 7: 1073-1081.

Background
The authors write that a new class of carbonate deposits – coarse cryogenic cave carbonates (CCCcoarse) – “has recently emerged as the most reliable indicator of (palaeo)glacial processes which can also be dated by U-series methods (Zaket al. 2004, 2008, 2012).” And they say that their paper “extends for the first time the record of CCCcoarse into the Holocene using samples from a partly deglaciated alpine cave [Leclanche Cave (46°20’42?N, 7°15’47?E] located in the present-day permafrost zone” of the Sanetsch area of the western Swiss Alps, as described by Borreguero et al. (2009).

What was done
Working with seven individual CCCcoarse aggregates found in Leclanche Cave, Luetscher et al. analyzed them in terms of their petrography, isotopic composition and U/Th dating.

What was learned
In the area of petrography, the five researchers discovered pieces of evidence that “strongly suggest that these aggregates formed sub-aqueously in pools lacking agitation.” In the area of isotopic composition, they found evidence for the “progressive freezing of ponded water.” And in the area of U/Th dating, they determined that “two coeval samples were deposited at 751 ± 55 and 823 ± 58 a b2k,” where a b2k = years before AD 2000, so that in these two cases the two dates were AD 1249 and AD 1177. In addition, four other samples provided an average age of AD 927, while one sample suggested “a significantly older age of 2129 ± 235 a b2k,” which equates to 129 BC.

What it means
Luetscher et al. state that the “230Th/234U dating indicates that all spheroids formed in the Late Holocene,” and that six were “coeval with the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) characterized by elevated summer temperatures (Mangini et al., 2005; Buntgen et al., 2011),” while the other sample fell within “the Roman Warm Period, which was also characterized by a succession of warm climate episodes (Buntgen et al., 2011) and reduced glacier extents (Holzhauser et al., 2005).” And so they conclude that “CCCcoarse has the potential to provide precise chronologies of past warm episodes in areas where palaeo-environmental proxy data are scarce.” And so we conclude that the Medieval and Roman Warm Periods were both likely warmer than the Current Warm Period has been to date in this part of the world, in light of the fact that this area today is overlain by permafrost, which had to have thawed sufficiently during these two earlier periods for water to seep down and into the cave, where it established the pools within which the CCCcoarse aggregates were created.

References
Borreguero, M., Pahud, A., Favre, G., Heiss, G., Savoy, L. and Blant, M. 2009. Lapi di Bou: Recherches et explorations speleologiques 1974-2009. Cavernes 70: 213 pp.

Buntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J.O., Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J. and Esper, J. 2011. 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility.Science 331: 578-582.

Holzhauser, H., Magny, M. and Zumbuhl, H.J. 2005. Glacier and lake-level variations in west-central Europe over the last 3500 years. The Holocene 15: 789-801.

Mangini, A., Spotl, C. and Verdes, P. 2005. Reconstruction of temperature in the Central Alps during the past 2000 yr from a ?18O stalagmite record. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 235: 741-751.

Zak, K., Onac, B. and Persoiu, A. 2008. Cryogenic carbonates in cave environments. A review. Quaternary International187: 84-96.

Zak, K., Richter, D.K., Filippi, M., Zivor, R., Deininger, M., Mangini, A. and Scholz, D. 2012. Coarsely crystalline cryogenic cave carbonate – a new archive to estimate the Last Glacial minimum permafrost depth in Central Europe. Climate of the Past 8: 1821-1837.

Zak, K., Urban, J., Cilek, V. and Hereman, H. 2004. Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model. Chemical Geology 206: 119-136.ge.”

 

Yob, why would you say lick my wounds when all I did is clearly point out the above to you that you admitted very clearly that humans are causing climate change.
How ever its weird when you admit also humans do not cause climate change in the same polls just to score more % to make it dishonestly look like you are a majority or say "do not know" to score % or not sure just to score more % points.
The actual claim in the polls I believe what you are trying to say while in reading inbetween the lines of your rants is "climate change are natural changes in the environment which is not human caused" that is just a 8%.

That places you in the major of major minority at 8% and as you said in the USA majority rules.
Thank you for clearing your stance and exposing your huge minority status.

 

Ship noises could hurt endangered killer whales, study finds | Washington Post

 

Undersea Volcanoes Erupt with Gravity, Shifting Earth's Climate | Scientific American

 

Excellent IN.

A great intro to THIS:

"Ice ages also correlate with magnetic activity on the Sun.

According to Mukul Sharma, Assistant Professor of Earth Sciences at Dartmouth, the Sun displays a 100,000-year cycle of magnetic activity that corresponds to the Earth's ice age history.

Sharma's calculations suggest that when the Sun is magnetically more active, the Earth experiences a warmer climate, and vice versa, when the Sun is magnetically less active, there is a glacial period. Right now, the Earth is in an interglacial period (between ice ages). This is also a time of high solar activity.

This cycle appears to match the 100,000-year ice-age cycle first theorized by Milutin Milankovitch, which suggests that ice ages correspond to the cyclical varations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. (Earth & Planetary Science Ltrs, Vol. 199, issues 3-4, June 10, 2002)"

and

"
That there is a link between magnetic reversals and ice ages is undeniable.

At least twelve magnetic reversals can be linked to glaciation during the last three million years alone.

A magnetic reversal about three million years ago marked the onset of glaciation. A magnetic reversal about two million years ago marked the onset of glaciation. And yet another reversal about one million years ago marked the onset of glaciation.

The Jaramillo magnetic reversal marked the onset of glaciation, as did the Brunhes magnetic reversal.

The Biwa I, Biwa II, Biwa III, and Blake (at the end Eemian) magnetic reversals coincided with glaciation, and so did the Lake Mungo, Mono Lake, and Gothenburg magnetic reversals (or excursions).

Many of those catastrophic cooling episodes, says Michael Rampino of NASA, may have actually been triggered by the magnetic reversal (or excursion)."

The sun's magnetic field affects earth's magnetic field, and Earth's magnetic field is our thermostat for climate change!


(Myark, poor obstinate man. "The enemy of MY enemy, is my FRIEND"
Or is that too profound for you?
The 27% AGW fanatics trying to control the 73% rest of us, are our mutual enemy. Alarmism is intimidation through scaring people.
And you KNOW what we call people who use terror to push their politics/religion! )

 

More Plastic Than Fish in the Oceans by 2050 | Discovery News

 

I haven't been successful in locating any scientist or scientific study that actually proposes earth's magnetic field is our climate thermostat, but LOTS of studies get real close.
As I said, lots of scientists have different parts of the puzzle.
I predict, someone HAS and is reticent, likely intimidated by the AGW hysteria, or hopefully soon, somebody more qualified than me, will glimpse the BIGGER picture.
Would the elusive scientist please step forward?
I'm just a master mariner. I am a highly trained observer. "The most important instrument on the bridge is the eyes of the navigator!" As a ship master, I also have a lot of experience with understanding/negotiating with people. I KNOW I can not be convincing, nor have I earned any claim to the idea the magnetic field is climate's thermostat. I SEE it, in the work of others.
I would applaud and welcome those who HAVE credentials and legitimate claims. So would the majority of Americans, I believe. Timing is everything, and the time is NOW!

"
Science News
from research organizations
Ice age polarity reversal was global event: Extremely brief reversal of geomagnetic field, climate variability, and super volcano

Date:
October 16, 2012
Source:
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
Summary:
Some 41,000 years ago, a complete and rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field occured. Magnetic studies on sediment cores from the Black Sea show that during this period, during the last ice age, a compass at the Black Sea would have pointed to the south instead of north. Moreover, data obtained by the research team, together with additional data from other studies in the North Atlantic, the South Pacific and Hawaii, prove that this polarity reversal was a global event.
Share:



FULL STORY
The polarity reversal was a global event.
Credit: © Dr. habil. Norbert R. Nowaczyk / GFZ

Some 41,000 years ago, a complete and rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field occured. Magnetic studies of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences on sediment cores from the Black Sea show that during this period, during the last ice age, a compass at the Black Sea would have pointed to the south instead of north.

Moreover, data obtained by the research team formed around GFZ researchers Dr. Norbert Nowaczyk and Prof. Helge Arz, together with additional data from other studies in the North Atlantic, the South Pacific and Hawaii, prove that this polarity reversal was a global event. Their results are published in the latest issue of the scientific journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

What is remarkable is the speed of the reversal: "The field geometry of reversed polarity, with field lines pointing into the opposite direction when compared to today's configuration, lasted for only about 440 years, and it was associated with a field strength that was only one quarter of today's field," explains Norbert Nowaczyk. "The actual polarity changes lasted only 250 years. In terms of geological time scales, that is very fast." During this period, the field was even weaker, with only 5% of today's field strength. As a consequence, Earth nearly completely lost its protection shield against hard cosmic rays, leading to a significantly increased radiation exposure.

This is documented by peaks of radioactive beryllium (10Be) in ice cores from this time, recovered from the Greenland ice sheet. 10Be as well as radioactive carbon (14C) is caused by the collision of high-energy protons from space with atoms of the atmosphere."

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. "Ice age polarity reversal was global event: Extremely brief reversal of geomagnetic field, climate variability, and super volcano." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 October 2012. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121016084936.htm>.




http://phys.org/news/2012-10-extremely-reversal-geomagnetic-field-climate.html
The Laschamp event

The polarity reversal now found with the magnetisation of Black Sea sediments has already been known for 45 years. It was first discovered after the analysis of the magnetisation of several lava flows near the village Laschamp near Clermont-Ferrand in the Massif Central, which differed significantly from today's direction of the geomagnetic field. Since then, this geomagnetic feature is known as the 'Laschamp event'. However, the data of the Massif Central represent only some point readings of the geomagnetic field during the last ice age, whereas the new data from the Black Sea give a complete image of geomagnetic field variability at a high temporal resolution.

Abrupt climate changes and a super volcano

Besides giving evidence for a geomagnetic field reversal 41,000 years ago, the geoscientists from Potsdam discovered numerous abrupt climate changes during the last ice age in the analysed cores from the Black Sea, as it was already known from the Greenland ice cores. This ultimately allowed a high precision synchronisation of the two data records from the Black Sea and Greenland. The largest volcanic eruption on the Northern hemisphere in the past 100 000 years, namely the eruption of the super volcano 39400 years ago in the area of today's Phlegraean Fields near Naples, Italy, is also documented within the studied sediments from the Black Sea. The ashes of this eruption, during which about 350 cubic kilometers of rock and lava were ejected, were distributed over the entire eastern Mediterranean and up to central Russia. These three extreme scenarios, a short and fast reversal of the Earth's magnetic field, short-term climate variability of the last ice age and the volcanic eruption in Italy, have been investigated for the first time in a single geological archive and placed in precise chronological order.

Explore further: Lava flows reveal clues to magnetic field reversals

More information: Nowaczyk, N. R.; Arz, H. W.; Frank, U.; Kind, J.; Plessen, B. (2012): "Dynamics of the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion from Black Sea sediments" Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 351-352, 54-69. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.050

Journal reference: Earth and Planetary Science Letters


Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-10-extremely-reversal-geomagnetic-field-climate.html#jCp

 

Can anyone ELSE see it?

from above:
"Some 41,000 years ago, a complete and rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field occurred."

" eruption of the super volcano 39,400 years ago "

" "The field geometry of reversed polarity, with field lines pointing into the opposite direction when compared to today's configuration, lasted for only about 440 years, and it was associated with a field strength that was only one quarter of today's field," explains Norbert Nowaczyk. "The actual polarity changes lasted only 250 years. In terms of geological time scales, that is very fast." During this period, the field was even weaker, with only 5% of today's field strength."

Heat creates pressure and something has to give!



Open your eyes, folks!

The incomprehensible energy producing our enormous magnetic field, goes somewhere when the field isn't taking it. It becomes HEAT!
If you doubt the energy required by our magnetic field is incomprehensible, try and find even an estimate!

 

How much energy is required to power the geomagnetic field? You could be the first to calculate it!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(magnetic_field)

"The average magnetic field in the Earth's outer core was calculated to be 25 gauss, 50 times stronger than the field at the surface.[50]
The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss (G), but is generally reported in nanoteslas (nT), with 1 G = 100,000 nT. A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma (?).[13] The tesla is the SI unit of the Magnetic field, B. The field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000 nT (0.25–0.65 G). By comparison, a strong refrigerator magnet has a field of about 100 gauss (0.010 T).[14]

A map of intensity contours is called an isodynamic chart. As the 2010 World Magnetic Model shows, the intensity tends to decrease from the poles to the equator. A minimum intensity occurs over South America while there are maxima over northern Canada, Siberia, and the coast of Antarctica south of Australia.[15]"

"Magnetosphere
An artist's rendering of the structure of a magnetosphere. 1) Bow shock. 2) Magnetosheath. 3) Magnetopause. 4) Magnetosphere. 5) Northern tail lobe. 6) Southern tail lobe. 7) Plasmasphere.
Main article: Magnetosphere

Earth's magnetic field, predominantly dipolar at its surface, is distorted further out by the solar wind. This is a stream of charged particles leaving the Sun's corona and accelerating to a speed of 200 to 1000 kilometres per second. They carry with them a magnetic field, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).[20]

The solar wind exerts a pressure, and if it could reach Earth's atmosphere it would erode it. However, it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetopause, the area where the pressures balance, is the boundary of the magnetosphere. Despite its name, the magnetosphere is asymmetric, with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that extends beyond 200 Earth radii"

"The Dynamo Effect http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/MagEarth.html

The simple question "how does the Earth get its magnetic field?" does not have a simple answer. It does seem clear that the generation of the magnetic field is linked to the rotation of the earth, since Venus with a similar iron-core composition but a 243 Earth-day rotation period does not have a measurable magnetic field. It certainly seems plausible that it depends upon the rotation of the fluid metallic iron which makes up a large portion of the interior, and the rotating conductor model leads to the term "dynamo effect" or "geodynamo", evoking the image of an electric generator.

Convection drives the outer-core fluid and it circulates relative to the earth. This means the electrically conducting material moves relative to the earth's magnetic field. If it can obtain a charge by some interaction like friction between layers, an effective current loop could be produced. The magnetic field of a current loop could sustain the magnetic dipole type magnetic field of the earth. Large-scale computer models are approaching a realistic simulation of such a geodynamo. "

Our predominately iron planet whipping around the huge sun magnet (100 AU magneto sphere radius for sun) at average 67,000 mph, while spinning at 900 mph, could cause some SERIOUS induction currents, I imagine.

 

Since the Yellowstone Supervolcano is somewhat overdue, it follows that an associated pole reversal may also be imminent.

 

I'm neither predicting a pole reversal, nor trying to raise concern about one. In fact, I'd be extremely surprised if I lived long enough to see one.
I'm trying to raise awareness that the sun's magnetic field together with the earth's magnetic field controls our climate, past, present, and future.
CO2 is a benign gas great for growing plants and extinguishing small fires.

 

AGWers argue putting on a thinner or thicker (a hundred parts per million difference) blanket of CO2 controls climate extremes from ice ages to very nice warm periods.

Earth is 93 million miles from the furnace, our sun.
Are we?

http://www.livescience.com/29054-earth-core-hotter.html

" the temperature at the boundary of Earth's inner and outer core — now estimated at 6,000 C (about 10,800 F). That's as hot as the surface of the sun."

THAT furnace is only about 3 thousand miles beneath your feet!

If geothermal energy is variable, and I argue it is, which is more likely responsible for the extreme variance in earth's historical temperatures?
Ramping the furnace up and down? Or adjusting the blanket?

Rather than cautioning you NOT to try this at home, I URGE you to experiment with your home's thermostat and two blankets, one thinner than the other. Decide for yourself which is more effective creating temperature extremes. After comparing a wide variation in thermostat setting against wearing either of the two blankets, to simulate a theoretical doubling of CO2, compare wearing both blankets together against changing the thermostat up and down. Post your results here, if you wish.

 

Quote from yob
(Myark, poor obstinate man. "The enemy of MY enemy, is my FRIEND"
Or is that too profound for you?
The 27% AGW fanatics trying to control the 73% rest of us, are our mutual enemy. Alarmism is intimidation through scaring people.
And you KNOW what we call people who use terror to push their politics/religion! )


Yobs just said it again and admited human are the cause of global warming. "Co2"

 

Quote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialism

The term climate change denialist is applied to people who argue against the scientific consensus that the global warming of planet Earth is a real and occurring event primarily caused by human activity.[5] The forms of denialism present the common feature of the person rejecting overwhelming evidence and the generation of political controversy with attempts to deny the existence of consensus.[6][7] The motivations and causes of denialism include religion and self-interest (economic, political, financial) and defence mechanisms meant to protect the psyche of the denialist against mentally disturbing facts and ideas.

Mark Hoofnagle (brother of Chris Hoofnagle) has described denialism as "the employment of rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of argument or legitimate debate, when in actuality there is none".[6] [7][a] It is a process that operates by employing one or more of the following five tactics in order to maintain the appearance of legitimate controversy:[15]
1.Conspiracy theories — Dismissing the data or observation by suggesting opponents are involved in "a conspiracy to suppress the truth".
2.Cherry picking — Selecting an anomalous critical paper supporting their idea, or using outdated, flawed, and discredited papers in order to make their opponents look as though they base their ideas on weak research.
3.False experts — Paying an expert in the field, or another field, to lend supporting evidence or credibility.
4.Moving the goalpost — Dismissing evidence presented in response to a specific claim by continually demanding some other (often unfulfillable) piece of evidence.
5.Other logical fallacies — Usually one or more of false analogy, appeal to consequences, straw man, or red herring.

Tara Smith of the University of Iowa also stated that moving goalposts, conspiracy theories, and cherry-picking evidence are general characteristics of denialist arguments, but went on to note that these groups spend the "majority of their efforts critiquing the mainstream theory" in an apparent belief that if they manage to discredit the mainstream view, their own "unproven ideas will fill the void".[16]

In 2009 author Michael Specter defined group denialism as "when an entire segment of society, often struggling with the trauma of change, turns away from reality in favor of a more comfortable lie".[17]

 

Myark is too easily thrashed and I suspect he likes it. I'm ignoring him from now on, unless he posts something interesting.