Option One - how big

Discussion in 'Option One' started by Willallison, May 2, 2002.

  1. Willallison
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    Willallison Senior Member

    Now that we appear to have a winner (just!) for our cruise speed poll, I was just about to let loose into my favourite topic and start a poll on power options for "Option One", when it occured to me - how big is this boat?

    Trailerable, easily managed by a crew of two and under USD 50K - I'm thinking somewhere between 7.5 & 8.5 metres (25 - 28ft).........
     
  2. Jeff
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    Jeff Moderator

    Based on the need for it to be trailerable and the price range, that's about the length I was envisioning as well. As you get larger than 25', trailering becomes less easy mostly in terms of the vehicle requirements. With anything larger than 30', trailering becomes a lot more difficult, at least on the older ramp here, not mentioning the obvious beam issues since I think the project design might not fit the traditional mold)

    $50K isn't a huge budget, but it's probably doable even at the larger end of that length range if the project is pure to concept without too many extras.
     
  3. duluthboats
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    duluthboats Senior Dreamer

    I think a 12m/40’ boat can be towed without a special permit in the US. What are the towing limits in other areas? We settled on the legal limit for beam, I suggest we use the same for LOA. That said, I know I would have a hard time finding a launch site that could safely handle more than 8.5m/28’. Moving up to a cruise speed of 30+ knots will be hard considering the other goals for Option 1. If someone can come up with a 12m boat that will meet these goals, it would be up to them to sell it to the rest of us.

    NOTE: Reverse psychology is not a good plan with this group. :D

    Gary
     
  4. tom28571
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    tom28571 Senior Member

    I don't have any problem working toward 7.5 to 8.5m but.... I think this is putting the cart before the horse. The main thing is, what do we want the boat to do and what facilities do we demand that it have? Then we can see what size boat is required to encompass those wishes.

    Whacha gotta have?

    Bunks - how many? How long? Headroom over - how much?
    Pilothouse, how big? Headroom?
    Dinette? Fixed? Convertible?
    Galley? How big?
    Head? Permanent? Standing?
    Holding tank?
    Shower? Enclosed?
    Refrigeration? Mechanical? Ice box?
    Solar power? Generator? Wind generator?
    Entertainment? TV? Music system?
    Cockpit? How big? Seating?
    Dinghy? Carry aboard? Tow? Power? Row? Sail?

    If you want all this, then you need something that our easy trailerable concept will not provide. What will we give up? What will we add?
    :confused:
     
  5. Nomad
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    Nomad Senior Member

    I can see why Will is wanting to go for the 25'-28' range but Gary, and Tom hold very strong points about the pluses of the larger boat but left out one very important plus of a longer boat. I dont know about where you guys are but here a long narrow boat when running will cut through the seas better than shortter boat of equal or lesser beam.
     
  6. duluthboats
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    duluthboats Senior Dreamer

    Nomad,
    I agree, if I'm going to be cruising at over 30 knots, I would much rather be in a 12m boat. But the speed isn't the only goal we have set for Option 1.
    Gary
     
  7. Willallison
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    Willallison Senior Member

    Tom is right, of course - I've dropped the ball a little there and skipped a few segments of the design spiral.....

    Before we can go to the desirables, it's probably worth revisiting the core design elements of Option One -

    1. Coastal hopping for a week
    2. Trailerable
    3. 300 mile range
    4. 2 Crew, minimum
    5. < USD 50K build
    6. Comfortable conversation @ 3/4 throttle

    Ok, to this I'd like to add (note for much of the following read "my wife insists upon....")

    1. We have a minimum crew of 2, so we need at least 2 (preferably permanent) berths and possibly two more convertible. The only time I'm prepared to crawl into bed is when I've had too much to drink, so I want at least near standing headroom at the foot of the bed.
    2. Full standing headroom is an absolute necessity in all "living" areas - particularly if you're going to spend up to a week on board. A hardtop is not the be all and end all to me - well designed canopies, with lots of 'clears' work very well. Of more importance is to be able to see out when both sitting or standing.
    3. Cooking and eating facilities should reflect the boats expected crew - nothing seems more absurd to me than all those "med-style" boats with huge galley's, four staterooms - but nowhere to sit and eat. I want to be able have 4 sit for dinner and a galley big enough to prepare the meal on. Stowage / refrigeration should be comensurate with our 1 week cruise.
    4. Show me a woman who doesn't want an enclosed wc with shower and I'll show you one who's never spent a week away on a small boat with a couple of other people......
    In many places now, that necessitates the use of a holding tank.
    5. 12 volt power for everything. Generators have no place on a boat this small which has light weight as one of its primary requirements.
    6. I cruise with two dogs (dalmations) - I need a dinghy! We use an 8 foot inflatable on my 27 ft Searay. It sits on the boarding platform (another absolute necessity) and is both light and easily managed.

    At this point, I see Tom shaking his head in disbelief - surely you can't fit all of that (and probably more...) into a sub 30ft, trailerable cruiser. Well you can - as already stated, I have a 27ft Searay - It offers all of the above and more. But I also know that its design can be improved upon.........
     
  8. Willallison
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    Willallison Senior Member

    In part answer to Gary's question, here in Oz, maximum dimensions for a trailer and its load are:

    Length 12.3m (8.5m towball to ctr axle, 3.7m axle to rear)
    Width 2.5m
    height 4.3m


    And I have to agree - the longer the waterline length, the smoother the boat will tend to run in choppy water, but just how easy is it to manage a 40 ft boat on a trailer and how heavy would it be?
     
  9. duluthboats
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    duluthboats Senior Dreamer

    Well that list works for me. Now I know what drives boat design. It’s always the wife. Anything less and it would be just a fishing boat. I do have a few questions. Will, what is the beam on your Sea Ray? And how tall are you? :D
    Gary
     
  10. Willallison
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    Willallison Senior Member

    LOL! My Searay is 8'6" wide - legally trailerable in the US. I am 3'4" tall!!:D :D (5'11", 1.75m really....)
     
  11. Nomad
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    Nomad Senior Member

    The trailerable depends on the captian and the person driving the truck/SUV as much if not more than vessel size
     
  12. trouty

    trouty Guest

    3500 kilos

    Bear in mind - the "average" Jap 4WD Tow Vehicle Downunder Is only rated to pull 3500 kilos with a tandem braked trailer (whats that about 8000 pounds?).

    Also- that 8ft 6 beam shrinks to 8 ft 4 inches beam in Oz due to max allowable towing width.

    Suddenly - your 40 ft trailerable in any sane world needs to come back to a max of 25ft...roughly or else it won't be trailerable, towable, launchable.

    Once you do that - you can get rid of the frills like shower, head, cabin, and pretty much everything else...

    A tiller steer is still lookin good tho! :D :rolleyes: ;)

    I kinda think we should up the top speed some too eh?....maybe 60 mph to get a useable range within time limits of day tripping?...when the conditions allow of course!

    If we can't get 60 mph - then 70mph will have to suffice! hehehe

    Maybe something like this alloy Fincat with the hysucat foil to reduce wetted surface area (drag), and gain 30 - 40% speed increase?...(or conversely fuel savings?)

    [​IMG]

    Of course with that reverse boomerange foil between the two sponsons it'll need a specially designed, twin bunk float on trailer..

    Nice stable dry platform, light to tow - easy to launch and retrieve, fuel efficient to run, cheap to build...

    What do they say again?...if it aint a cat - it must be a dog?
    :D

    How am I doin so far?:confused:

    Cheers!:cool:
     
  13. trouty

    trouty Guest

    having thought some more on the subject...

    I think we need to think a little more radically...as far as the propulsion system goes.

    I propose we go waaay out on a limb and try something radically different...

    Now this might take a wee stretch of the imagination - but my plan is - we employ a plasmoidal induced Electro Dynamic propulsion system, powered by quadruple linked overunity MEG's (Motionless Electromagnet Generators).

    [​IMG]

    Maybe if your having trubble following my train of thought - take a look at the link to the patent filed a month ago for these devices...

    http://www.prahlad.org/pub/bearden/patent_meg.htm

    Providing we can manufacture the hull from a doped degenerate conductor material (semiconductor) say an nanocrystalline magnetic alloy of cobalt-niobium-boron alloy, and ensure we get an induction vector from the port half of the plasmoid, with a reverse vector induction on the starboard side of equal strength, we should crreate in an electrolyte solution (salt water) a resultant ion flow suficient to impart forward motion...

    By varying the ion flow between port and starboard, we can achieve steerage - and by reversing polarity we can effect reverse maneouvers, in fact - it should be possible to not only control direction for and aft from the one control, but speed also...basically - a single "joystick driven" craft - much easier to control than say a kort nozel propelled craft!

    No external propulsion device - the hull with it's ion flow in the propulsive mechanism.

    Then the free energy obtained thru common dipole negantropy, bye the use of scalar electromagnetics will provide us with limitless "free" energy to propell the craft anywhere in the world your heart desires....basically!

    Yeah Yeah - alright - your havin trubble keepin up eh?.. :rolleyes:

    You want me to explain E=TC2 (Eee Equals Tee Cee Squared) where T is Delta T or change in time.

    Well - Ok - but you have to pay attention coz - I'll only do this if I get to ask 20 questions afterward to see if you actually understood, OK?:D

    You see - recet advances in electrophysics based upon discoverys of Nicol Tesla which have been overlooked for nearly a century have robbed us of an imeasurable source of free energy until now locked up within time.

    In the same way that we cracked the atom when Albert (Einstein to you guys) discvered E=MC2 after Mitchelson - Morleys rotational analogue experiments determined the speed of light was a constant, Ol Tesla was pretty certain that there was a form of energy trapped witin time.

    So - E=MC2 gave us the splitting of the atom, and from this nuclear energy for atomic bombs and atomic power stations.

    Thise atomic power stations (nuclear reactors) are what powers such things as Submarines and air craft carriers today.

    Well, the science of Scalar electromagnetics has cracked the code of the energy similarly compressed within time. An understanding of the physics incolved, allows us to now build "overunity devices" - such as the depicted MEG (Motionless Electromagnetic Generator) and these can be "coupled" to increase the output to meet whatever our electrical demand may be, in this case to power plasmoidal inducton motion in an electrolyte (seawater).

    OK,

    Now are you still with me so far??

    You want me to explain this new science of scalar electromagnetics more fully, before we move on to plasmoidal induction motion?

    Gimme some feedback here coz - this propulsion system will avail us of a whole heap of carying capacity for such things as freshwater for washdown and showers etc since we will have to make no allowance at all for carrying fossil fuel, since our energy is all around us compressed and trapped within time.

    Let me know - if your havin trubble? - I'll post the whole workings of scalar electromagnetics...before Imove on into Plasmiodal induction electrodynamic propulsion theory. It's important you all understand this and keep up as we have a way to go with this yet!

    One last question - does everyone understand the principals bye which a norma "waterwheel" works?....as this will crop up further down the track.

    Oh yeah - one last thing - does everyone realise that the speed of light isn't constant...it just behaves like a constant in near earth space...maybe I better start there....just not sure - how much tyou guys already know - and whether I need to go right back to the beginning..and start at scratch or whether I can jump ahead a bit?..

    Put up there hand anyone who hasn't been paying attention so far?..

    Cheers!:cool:
     
  14. trouty

    trouty Guest

    Ok - well start at the beginning! "C"

    Yep - C, the speed of light!

    "C" The speed of light, whilst commonly thought to be a constant really isn't as shown with Mitchelson Morleys rotational analogue experiments and later work by Mitchellson - Gale which seemed to contend that in fact the speed of light wasn't exactly constant as it is still mostly considered by mainstream physicists today.

    You see we only think it's a constant because of MM's experiments but G Sagnac in 1913 performed his version of the M-M experiment and corrected the inconclusive results, which M-M's test had obtained.In Sagnacs rotational analogue of the M-M test the velocity of light was shown to vary!!!!.
    Also in 1925 Mitchellson and Gale verified Sagnac's results with their own rotational analogue. Even more recently, similar verification has been made using a ring laser system to detect the rotational velocity of the earth relative to the ether.
    Yet bye the time the "ether wind" was proven to exist Alberts theorys were already winning strong support on the merits of celestial observations which closely agreed with Alberts predicted values.

    This is something Albert Einstein was working on just before he died (so I'm told) as he was by then convinced that he'd perhaps made a minor flaw in his theory of relativity E=MC2, since he was convinced that the speed of light wasn't neccessarily constant throughout the universe - it just behaved like a constant within near earth space!

    I'm not sure if your familiar with my solar tea cup (bourbon and ice) analogy of Mitchelson Morleys rotational analoghue experiment and it's two resultant theorems? My explanation describes the error of the conclusions drawn bye the rotational analogue work of MM based upon a major oversight concerning the existence of a space ether and the predicted beahviour of that ether in near earth space.

    Just in case your not familiar, here is my solar tea cup (bourbon & ice) analogy for you!. (hope your in a light hearted mood!) ;o)

    The solar tea cup (bourbon glass for you!) analogy can be used to explain the error.
    If one stirs a cup of tea (preferrably black with two sugars please!), (or in your case swirls the glass a bourbon untill the ice cube in the middle is spinning), which has some tea leaves floating on it's surface (thats the ice cube for you!), one notices some of these tea leaves (ice cube) orbiting the vortex in the centre of the cup (glass).

    The tea leaves (ice cube) closer to the centre travel faster than those farther from the centre (both in linear and angular velocity).

    Now one must imagine must imagine himself greatly reduced in size and sitting upon one of those orbiting leaves (chilly a$$ eh - your on the ice man! hehehe).

    If one were to put his hands over the edge of the tea leaf (ice cube) on any side (don't waste the bourbon, remember to lick your fingers after OK?), would you feel any tea (bourbon) moving past?...Answer = No!.
    (Fingers now too cold to feel much at all in in the bourbon example probably!) LOL.

    The reason is that the motion of the tea (bourbon) is the force that has caused the velocity of the leaf (ice cube). One could not detect any motion if both ones self and the tea (bourbon) were travelling in the same direction and at the same velocity.

    However, if one had arms long enough (like a Gorilla, LOL LOL) to stick a hand in the tea (bourbon) closer to either the centre or rim of the cup (glass) where the velocitys were different to one's own, then one would feel the tea (bourbon) moving fatser or slower than ones self respectively!

    Also if one were to spin his tea leaf raft (ice cube), at the same time as it orbits about the centre, placing ones hands into the tea (bourbon) immediately surrounding one's tea leaf raft (ice cube), would show inertial resistance against the spin moment of his leaf raft (ice cube).

    Solar Tea (Bourbon) Cup (glass).

    Still with me?...probably pissed bye now - been slurpin the bourbon eh? Have one fa me! ;o)

    In the preceding analogy, the centre of the spinning tea (bourbon) or vortex centre represented the Sun!.

    The Leaf (ice cube) represents the Earth,

    The tea (bourbon represents the either,

    And the riders (Thats you...now too pissed to care!) hands = the light beams of the Mitchellson - Morley test!

    In essence (or bourbon) what Michelson, Morley, Einstein and many other scientists since have said is that the M-M test showed the velocity of light was NOT AFFECTED by the earths orbital motion. THEREFORE they have said we have TWO (BIG BOLD UNDERLINED "TWO" COZ THIS IS THE "STUFFERUPPER" bit) TWO conclusions we can draw.

    1) The Earth is orbiting the sun and their is no ether! or

    2) The earth is not orbiting the sun and there is an ether but since the earth is not moving thru the ether, the ether wind cannot be detected.

    Obviously number two option is negated by the earths observed heliocentric orbit.

    HOWEVER; (stay with me - don't wanna lose you now!) their reasoning should have incorporated a third option.

    3. The missing third "trouty" theorem. "The Earth is orbiting the sun AND SO IS THE ETHER"!!!! (Therefore no ether wind could be detected in the orbital vector immediately in the vicinity of the earth!).

    In other words, the M-M test results CANNOT PROVE OR DISPROVE the existence of an ether ony whether or not the earth is moving relative to such an ether.

    Well done!

    "C" acts like a constant in near earth space (which is why for all intents and purposes E=MC2 seems to work), but C may not necessarily be contsant across time and space, when we move away from the near earth space where the earth is dragging it's ethr blanket alongwith itself at the same rotational velocity!


    If we move outside that near earth rotational space ether (place our Gorilla arms near the edge of the cup and the centre of the cup...) the speed of light can vary.

    It appears that communications with deep space probes that have been slingshot past Mars etc and are now heading out into deep space - are revealing communication time differentials which can only be explained by a theory where C is not constant once away from Earths space ether blanket!

    OK - Now we have that outta the way - lets move on shall we to scalar electromagnetics, the power source for our new vessel.

    Nearly everything fundamental that we've been taught about EM energy is wrong or incomplete. Even the definition of energy in physics is wrong! Let me summarize a few of the things that are wrong with the classical electromagnetics (CEM) model as follows:

    CEM is still utilizing a model based on a material ether. Although the Michelson-Morley experiment destroyed the material ether assumption in 1887, the classical EM model has never been corrected. It also contains no definition of charge, and no definition of potential. In many cases, algorithms to calculate a magnitude are boldfacedly and erroneously advanced as "definitions." CEM still prescribes the force fields as the causes of all EM phenomena; it has been known since 1959 that forces are effects and not causes, that EM force fields exist only in and on the charged particles of mass in the physical system, and that the potentials are the primary causes of EM phenomena. The lack of definitive definitions of mass and force in mechanics is carried over into EM theory; there is no adequate definition of EM force or of EM mass. The magnitude of the electrical charge on an electron is not quantized. Instead, it is discretized, being a function of the magnitude of the virtual photon flux (VPF) exchange between the vacuum and the charged particle. When the charged particle is placed in a potential that differs from ambient, then the magnitude of the VPF -- and hence the magnitude of the electric charge on the electron -- is altered. The CEM assumption of an "empty vacuum" is totally falsified by modern quantum mechanics. The CEM notion that EM force fields and force field waves exist in vacuum is totally false. Only potentials and potential gradients exist in the vacuum. EM waves in vacuum are not force field waves as CEM prescribes; instead, they are oscillations of potentials and potential gradients. Potentials have a bidirectional EM wave-pair structure, where the bidirectional wave pairs are phaselocked in a harmonic series. In each wave pair, photons and antiphotons are continually coupling (into spin-2 gravitons) and decoupling. This is where gravitation and electromagnetics are unified. The CEM notion that singular EM forces exist in either matter or the vacuum is false; Newton's third law requires that all forces exist in oppositive pairs. Not a single one of the equations universally taught as "Maxwell's equations" ever appeared in any book or paper by James Clerk Maxwell; instead, they are Oliver Heaviside's equations. Maxwell's actual theory was written in quaternions, which is a complete system of mathematics. The Heaviside/Gibbs vector version

    (1) has a lower topology,

    (2) is not a complete system of mathematics, and

    (3) actually captured only a subset of Maxwell's actual theory.

    Tensor theory does not recapture that which was lost.

    There are even more errors in CEM, but these should suffice to make the point: Classical electromagnetics theory is seriously flawed, with archaic foundations, riddled with errors, and it should be completely redone. Until this revamping of CEM is accomplished, the present model solidly blocks free energy, antigravity, a unified physical field theory, and a unified theory of mind and matter interaction.

    Some Definitions

    The Quantum Mechanical Vacuum: First we need some definitions. We start by assuming the quantum mechanical vacuum.1 Empty "spacetime" is filled with an incredibly intense flux of virtual particles. It is a plenum, not an emptiness. We shall be interested only in the fantastic flux of virtual photons, for we are discussing electromagnetics.

    Energy and Potential: Energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual particle flux of vacuum. EM energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual photon flux (VPF) of vacuum. That is, for a particular kind of "field" energy, we simply choose the so-called quantum particle of that field, and consider only that kind of virtual particle flux.

    Potential is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual particle flux of vacuum. Hey! That's exactly the same definition as energy. Quite correct. Energy and potential are identically the same. Neither is presently defined correctly in physics.

    Energy is normally defined as "Energy is the capacity to do work." That's totally false. Energy has the capacity to do work, because work is correctly defined as the dissipation (disordering; scattering) of energy (order). The scattering of energy is work. It is not energy! I.e., energy is not definable as its own scattering!

    Look at it this way: A man has the capacity to catch fish. That is true, but it is not a definition, since a definition must in some sense be an identity. You cannot say that a man is the capacity to catch fish! That may be a submitted definition, all right, but it is false. Similarly, energy has the capacity to do work; that is one of its attributes. But energy IS the ordering in the VPF (we are referring from now on primarily only to EM).

    Scalar and Vector Potentials: The scalar potential is any static (with respect to the external observer) ordering in the VPF of vacuum. The vector potential is any dynamic (with respect to the external observer) ordering in the VPF of vacuum. We shall be interested in the electrostatic scalar potential. So it is a static ordering -- a stationary template -- in the VPF of vacuum, much as a whirlpool is a stationary ordering (template, form) in the rushing flow of a river.

    The Scalar Potential Has An Internal Structure

    The Structure of the Scalar Potential: According to rigorous proofs by Whittaker2 and Ziolkowski,3 any scalar potential can be mathematically decomposed into a harmonic series of bidirectional wave pairs. Figure 1 shows this Whittaker/Ziolkowski (WZ) structure. In each pair, the forward-time wave is going in one direction, and its phase conjugate (time-reversed) replica wave is going in the other. According to the so-called distortion correction theorem4 of nonlinear phase conjugate optics, this PCR wave must precisely superpose spatially with its partner wave in the pair. The two waves are in-phase spatially, but 180 degrees out of phase in time. The wave is made of photons, and the antiwave (PCR wave) is made of antiphotons. It follows that, as wave and antiwave pass through each other, the photons and antiphotons are coupling and uncoupling with each other, because the antiphoton is a PCR photon, and PCR's precisely superpose spatially with their partner. A photon or antiphoton has wave characteristics, because it has a frequency; if the wave aspects are perfectly ordered and perfectly correlated, then so are the photon's particle aspects.

    A Potential Is An Ordering Across the Universe: So we have -- astoundingly -- perfect VPF inner ordering infolded in the electrostatic scalar potential! We also have perfect wave/antiwave ordering infolded in there. When you collect a simple set of charges on a small ball or in a region, the scalar EM potential from that set of charges reaches across the universe. In it you have an infinite harmonic series of phase-locked time-forward EM waves going out from the charges to all distant points of the entire universe. And you have an infinite harmonic series of phase-locked time-reversed EM waves coming from all points of the universe, back to the "collected charges" source.

    A Potential Is A River of Energy: The point is, you have established a mighty, hidden, 2-way river of energy between that collection of charges and every other point in the universe. There is infinite energy in each of those infolded waves and antiwaves. But in a localized region, the energy density in each wave is finite. Since in finite circuits the potential interacts with a localized set of mass, we shall be concerned with the local energy density (joules/coulomb) of the potential.

    But forget the conventional myth of visualizing the potential as pushing a unit charge in from infinity "against the force field" -- there isn't any force field in the vacuum, as is well-known in quantum mechanics. Also, Newton's third law requires all forces to occur in pairs -- each pair consisting of a force and its 3rd law reaction force. From that viewpoint alone, there is no such thing as an EM forcefield or force field wave in the vacuum. There are just gradients of the vacuum potential present in the vacuum. In the vacuum, an EM wave is actually a wave of the phase locked gradients of the electrostatic scalar potential and of the magnetostatic scalar potential. And each such gradient wave is simultaneously accompanied by its phase conjugate gradient wave, because of Newton's third law.

    Newton's third law requires forces to occur in pairs of equal but antiparallel forces.

    Both wave and antiwave co-exist simultaneously in the vacuum EM wave.5 Therefore it's a stress potential wave, not a force field wave. It's more like an electromagnetic sound wave,6 and so it is a longitudinal wave, not a transverse wave. In the EM vacuum wave's interaction with matter (the so-called "photon" interaction), the wave normally half interacts with the electron shells of the atom, giving translation forces, while the anti-wave half interacts with the atomic nucleus, giving the Newtonian 3rd law reaction (recoil) forces (waves). The EM wave in vacuum is an electrogravitational wave.

    Energy Is Internally Infinite and Unlimited: A static potential -- which is identically excess energy -- is internally dynamic and infinite. Energy is internally infinite and unlimited! But it has a finite energy density in a local region of spacetime. Since energy interacts with matter locally, we shall be concerned with the local energy density (joules per coulomb).

    A Principle of Great Importance: The only way you can have a "chunk" or finite amount of energy to dissipate in a circuit as work is to first have a potential's local energy density interact with a local finite mass collector. The normal interacting mass collector is the free electrons (the free electron gas) in the circuit. You can have, e.g., (joules/coulomb x coulomb); (joules/gram x grams); (joules/m3 x m3); etc.

    Voltage, Force, Potential Gradients, Loads, and Work: Now let's look at circuitry aspects. Conventionally they are a mess. Voltage is "essentially" defined as the "drop in potential." In other words, it's the dissipation (disordering) of a "finite amount" of potential gradient. But the only way you can get a "finite amount" of infinite energy/potential gradient is by first interacting the potential gradient's internal, finite, excess energy density with a finite "collector" mass. E.g., (joules/coulomb available for collection) x (coulombs collecting) = excess joules collected on the interacting coulombs, available for dissipation.

    So voltage is really the dissipation of a finite collection of excess EM energy/potential gradient. The dissipation of potential or of its gradient is not potential! You cannot logically define either potential or energy as is own dissipation!

    We presently use the notion of "voltage" in two completely contradictory ways in electrical physics. Here's how we got the confusion: We take a potential gradient (which has a local energy density), and we "collect" it across some charged masses in a locality -- usually the free electrons in the free electron gas in our circuitry. That is, we express the finite energy density of the potential gradient (before collection onto charges) in the local region in terms of energy per coulomb. The potential gradient actually is a change to the ambient potential, and so it contains an excess energy density (the magnitude may be either positive or negative). We then collect this potential (actually this potential density) on a certain number of coulombs, which places tiny little gradients of potential across (coupled to) each free electron. The local excess energy density of the potential gradient multiplied by the amount of collecting mass gives the amount of excess energy collected (on the interacting charges/coulombs). On each collecting particle, that little gradient, together with the coupling particle, constitutes a tiny force. F is not just equal to ma (non relativistic case); instead, F º (ma), where (mass x acceleration) is considered as a unitary, inseparable thing. So that little potentialized electron (that little EM force) moves itself around the circuit. In the load (scatterer), the little potentialized electron (the little force) is subjected to jerks and accelerations, thus radiating energy (shucking its gradient). Since this is done in all directions in the scatterer (load), that gets rid of the gradient, reducing the "little force" (potentialized electron) to zero because the little potential gradient is lost due to radiation.

    Collecting And Dissipating Energy

    Energy Dissipation and Collection: Without further ado, we consider the scalar potential's local energy density in terms of joules per coulomb. That is, in a specific glob of charges (i.e., in finite circuits), the amount of energy collected from a potential gradient onto the finite number of charges receiving/collecting it, is equal to the number of joules of energy per coulomb that is in the potential gradient, times the number of coulombs collecting (receiving) the potential gradient. The current is the activated (potentialized) coulombs per second that dissipate their potential gradients during that second. The current multiplied by the time the current flows gives the activated coulombs that dissipated their activation (potentialization) during that flow time. Dissipating, activated coulombs multiplied by the excess energy collected per activated coulomb gives the energy dissipated (the work or scattering done) in the load.

    We define collection as the connection of a potential gradient (a source) to the charged masses in a circuit element (the element is called the collector), which for a finite delay time does not allow its potentialized free electrons to move as current. In the collector, during this delay time these trapped electrons are "activated" by potential gradients being coupled to them.

    Technically, that delay time in the collector is known as relaxation time,7 in the case of the free electron gas8 (in a wire or in a circuit element). A collector then is a circuit element that has a usable, finite relaxation time. During that relaxation time, the trapped electrons are potentialized without movement as current; each collecting/receiving free electron gets a little gradient across it, but no current yet flows. In other words, during this finite relaxation time (collection time), we extract potential from the source, but no current. Thus we extract energy (potential), but no power (which is voltage x amperage). During the relaxation time, we extract from the source only a flow of VPF, which is continually replaced in the source by the vacuum's violent VPF exchange with the source's bipolarity charges. We do not extract power from the battery/source during relaxation time, but we extract free energy density. That free energy density, coupling with a finite quantity of electrons, gives us a collected finite amount of energy. With that background, let's start again, and go through this in a useful "free energy" manner.

    The Electron Gas. We refer to the conventional model of the free electron gas in a wire.9 Although the electrons in this gas actually move by quantum mechanical laws and not by classical laws, we shall simply be dealing with the "on the average" case. So we will speak of the electrons and their movement in a classical sense, rather than a quantum mechanical sense, as this will suffice very well for our purposes.

    When one connects a circuit to a source of potential gradient (say, to a battery), the first thing that happens nearly instantly is that the potential gradient races onto the coupling wire and heads down it at almost the speed of light. As it goes onto the wire, this gradient "couples" to the free electrons in the free electron gas. However, inside the wire, these electrons can hardly move down the wire at all; they can only "slip" once in a while, yielding a "drift" velocity of a fraction of a cm/sec.10 On the surface, things are just a little bit different. Most of the "current" in a wire, as is well-known, moves along the surface, giving us the "skin" effect. [For that reason, many cables are stranded of finer wires, to provide more skin surface per cm3 of copper, and hence more current-carrying capability per cm3 of copper.]

    So, initially, little gradients of potential appear on and across each free electron, with a single little Ñf on each electron, and coupled to it. The couplet of [Ñf·me], where me is the mass of the electron, constitutes a small DEe. [This is rigorous; the conventional EM notion that an E field exists in the vacuum is absurd, and it is well-known in QM that no observable force field exists in the vacuum. As Feynman pointed out, only the potential for the force field exists in the vacuum,11 not the force field as such. Or as Lindsay and Margenau pointed out in their Foundations of Physics, one does not have an observable

    force except when observable mass is present.12]. We have stated it even stronger: Not only is F = ma, but F º ma (nonrelativistic case).13 Since no observable mass exists in vacuum, then no observable F exists there either.

    Force, Coupled Gradients, and Electron Translation

    Electrons Coupled to a Potential Gradient Move Themselves. The point is, when activated by a "coupled potential gradient," the activated electron moves itself until it loses its activation (its coupled potential gradient).

    Let me say that again, in a little more detail. Forget the standard notion that a force field such as the E-field causes electrons to move. Also forget the notion that the E-field is given by E = -Ñf. In foundations of physics, those equations are known to be incorrect for the vacuum. EM force fields are known (in QM foundations theory) to be effects, existing only in and on the charged particles, and not existing separately at all,14 or in the vacuum at all.15 Instead of E = -Ñf, in the vacuum the correct equation would be something like this: PE = -Ñf. In this case, we have correctly stated that the potential gradient PE provides the potential for producing an antiparallel E-field in and on a coupling/collecting charged mass, and the magnitude and direction of that potential gradient will be given by -Ñf, if and only if a charged mass particle is first introduced so that it couples to PE.

    At any rate, the activated/potentialized electron moves itself. The reason is that it constitutes a force. Force º (mass x acceleration) (non relativistic case). So the potentialized/activated electron is continuously accelerating. However, it is prevented from easily moving down the wire directly. To begin to do that, it essentially has to first move to the outer skin of the copper conductor.

    The Collector: We now consider a circuit element that we called a collector. (It could be a special coil made of special material, a capacitor with doped plates rather than simple conducting plates, or any one of a number of things). The objective is for the collector to be made of special material so that it has a free electron gas whose electrons are momentarily not free to move as current (they continue to move violently around microscopically, but essentially with zero net macroscopic translation) for a finite delay (relaxation) time, while they are settling themselves upon the surface and preparing to move as current. Let's call the electrons NNTE (no net translation electrons) during that finite delay (relaxation time). During that "no-current" delay time, the NNTE electrons become potentialized/activated by the potential gradient impressed across the collector. So at the end of the NNT time, the NNTE electrons are potentialized, and each is of the form [Ñf·me].

    The Secret of Free Energy

    Two Circuits/Two Cycles: We are going to use two circuits and two cycles, as shown in Figure 2:

    (1) We shall connect a collector to a primary source of potential (to a battery) during the short time that current does not yet flow, but potential does. (In other words, during the relaxation time of the collector, we allow the VPF to flow onto the NNTE electrons of the collector and potentialize (activate) them, but do not yet allow the electrons themselves to flow as current, but only to move transversely in the wiring and collector.) This is cycle one of a 2-cycle process: This is collection of a specific amount of current-free potential gradient -- power-free energy -- off the potential-source (the battery) onto a collector. During the collection cycle/time, current does not and must not flow (we are discussing the ideal case). We are freely "charging up" the collector as a secondary battery/source.

    (2) At the end of the collection (potentialization/activation) time/cycle in circuit one, the potentialized collector (the charged secondary source) is sharply switched away from its connection to the primary potential source (the battery), and at the same time it is instantly switched into a separate closed circuit with the load. This is important: In cycle two, the potentialized collector (with its finite amount of excess trapped EM energy) and the load are connected in a completely separate circuit, and one that is closed, with no connection at all to the original source of potential (in this case, to the battery). Specifically, this "load and potentialized collector" circuit is completely separate from the primary source; during cycle two the primary source (the battery) is not connected to anything.

    In other words, all we've taken from the primary source (the battery) is current-free, force-field-free potential gradient. So to speak, we've taken a "chunk of potential gradient" from the source, nothing else. You simply multiply the potential gradient's local energy density (the so-called "voltage", which is really excess joules per coulomb) by the number of coulombs of charge that is "activated" (that "collects" this voltage or excess joules/coulomb) in the collector. Specifically, we have not taken any power from the battery itself, and so we have not done any internal work inside the battery upon its internal resistance, by a "closed circuit electron flow" back into the battery. We have not permitted such a flow.

    Instead, we are using the activated collector as a temporary, secondary battery. We will utilize this secondary battery in a conventional manner to power the load, which will also kill the secondary battery (dissipate its trapped EM energy). But that will not affect the primary source. The primary source is never used to directly power the load. It is only used as an infinite source of potential gradient (i.e., as an infinite source of energy density).

    The Standard Power Extraction Circuit

    The Conventional Circuit: We digress momentarily: In the standard electrical method, the potential source (which is a bipolarity) is connected across the load. This connects both the external load and the internal resistance of the battery itself in series, as the "total circuit load." Electrons then pour through the external load circuit and through the internal battery resistance, from the "electron rich" polarity of the source to its "electron poor" opposite polarity. The scattering of energy in the internal battery resistance is actually doing work to upset the chemistry that is maintaining the battery's charge separation (the bipolarity). In this manner, the source's separation of charges (which is the "gate" furnishing the potential/energy gradient) is being destroyed as the current flows, and this in turn destroys the source of the potential gradient.

    In other words, normally we, engineers, are trained to kill the bipolarity, which kills the potential source itself! Incredible as it may be, we, engineers and scientists, have been trained to utilize the free "trapped EM energy" furnished by nature through the source, to destroy the source of the energy/potential, with the same vigor as they power the external load! In fact, our teachers simply have never learned any other way to do it except this deliberately "self-destructive" manner!

    A Waterwheel Analogy

    Imagine, if you will, a waterwheel that powers a mill, with a sluice gate upstream in a river, that diverts some river water into the sluice carrying water to the wheel when the sluice gate is opened into the river. The diverted water flows down to the waterwheel, turning it, and the spent water is fed back into the river below the mill site. Now what fool would connect a pulley onto the waterwheel, with a rope running from the pulley to the sluice gate, so that when the wheel rotated, part of the rotational power also was utilized to close the sluice gate and shut off the water, stopping the waterwheel? If one did so, when the sluice gate was opened, the waterwheel would rotate only until the sluice gate was closed, shutting off the water. Then one would laboriously have to pay to reopen the sluice gate again, then again, then again. No self-respecting "waterwheel engineer" would do such an unthinkable, insane thing. But that's exactly what we engineers, electrical physicists, and scientists have been trained to do! We have no energy engineers or energy scientists at all; instead, we have all been power engineers and power scientists. We have all been energy source killers! In this paper, we shall try to do better, and rectify "one of the most remarkable and inexplicable aberrations of the scientific mind which has ever been recorded in history," as Tesla called the conventional electromagnetics.16 By being energy engineers, we shall only have to pay for our energy source once, and then we shall draw as much energy from it as we wish.

    External Load Power Is Free; Only The Power In The Source Costs

    Here's the magic secret of free electrical power: The power in the external load is absolutely free, and it always has been free.17 In any load circuit, the only power you have to pay for, and have ever had to pay for, is the power you incorrectly use to kill your own primary source. The only power that "costs" more effort/dollars is the power erroneously utilized inside the source to "close the gate" and kill the primary source. Your electric power company doesn't pay for any of the collected energy on your load circuits that is dissipated to power your house. Instead, the power company charges you for its own ignorance. It charges you for its insane use of its own freely extracted electrical energy to continually kill the bipolarity in each of its generators, thus continually killing the free electrical source of that generator's energy.18

    In any electric circuit, we can continue to indefinitely power the external load indirectly from a source, so long as we are not so naive as to use any of the free energy we extract from the primary source to dissipate back inside the primary source itself and shut it off!

    And we can easily and freely multiply electrical potential. As an example, given a single good source of potential, a hundred radial wires can be connected to the source. The same potential will now appear at each of the ends of the hundred wires. A switcher/collector unit can then operate from each radial line's end, and power external loads, without "loading" the original primary source. This "cascading" can be continued indefinitely. A single power plant, e.g., can power the entire electrical grid of the United States. And a single automobile battery can power a large, agile, electric automobile at highway speeds, with sports car acceleration, with unlimited range, without "refueling," and with no noxious chemical exhaust.

    Obvious Impacts

    Environmentalists should immediately see that the chemical pollution of the biosphere by mechanista and processes to obtain energy can be dramatically reduced, to almost negligible levels. There need be no huge oil tanker spills, for there need be no huge oil tankers. There need be no worrisome radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants, or abandoned hazardous nuclear plants when their life is finished, because there need be no nuclear power plants. There need be no noxious exhausts from jet airplanes (which are really what is diminishing the ozone layer and punching holes in it), automobiles, trucks, buses, innumerable coal-fired and oil-fired power plants, etc.

    The Electronic Smog Problem

    In fairness we point out that, as the usage of free electrical energy mushrooms, we will be dramatically increasing the low-level EM signal density of the environment, and that too is biologically detrimental. Although beyond the scope of this paper, that cumulative biological damage mechanism has also been uncovered by this author. A formal paper is presently in preparation for presentation in March 1993 at the annual meeting and conference of the Alabama Academy of Science.19 The paper will also present an entirely new definition of cancer, give its exact long-term cumulative mechanism, and give an exact, scientifically proven mechanism for eliminating cancer, leukemia, and other debilitating diseases such as AIDS. For our purposes here, we simply state that we understand the EM "electronic smog" biological damage mechanism, and how to go about developing a total counter for it. Eventually, we would see a small "counter unit" added to each power unit, alleviating the "electronic smog" problem and preventing biological damage.

    Only Dissipate Energy From a Collector, Not the Source

    Completion of the Collection Cycle: But to return to the completion of our collection cycle (cycle one). During collection, we have not extracted power from the source. That is vital. We have not moved the gate through which our source is furnishing free energy. We have not diminished our primary source. From our previous definitions of potential, we have indeed extracted trapped energy from the primary source, because we placed its "local energy density" across a certain finite collector/mass, instead of extracting power (dissipating energy inside the source or battery to spoil its chemistry and deplete its charge separation).



    All Energy Is Free

    Here's the incredible truth. The entire universe is filled with mind boggling free energy everywhere, in the simplest of things. Simply scrape your feet on the carpet, and you will collect perhaps 2,000 "volts" on your body. At that time, hidden EM energy is flowing from every point in the universe to your body, and from your body back to every point in the universe. We know that all macroscopic matter is filled with stupendous amounts of electrical charge. So an incredible river of energy -- a great flux -- is driving every single thing, from the smallest to the largest. Opening a gate to extract trapped EM energy is simple. Just collect a bit of charge, or scrape your feet hard, or comb your hair briskly. All we have to do is not be stupid and close the gate once we've got it opened!

    God has been most kind. We have nothing but free energy everywhere. All energy is furnished to us freely! It's our own blindness that has made us into energy source killers. All we have to do is open our eyes to the truth of nature's incredible energy bounty. We must just freely collect that bountiful fruit from Nature's tree, instead of chopping down the tree and killing it.

    Dissipating The Collected Energy

    The Work Cycle: We focus again on cycle two. Shortly after the now-potentialized collector is connected to the load at the beginning of cycle 2 (the power cycle, or energy dissipation cycle, or work cycle), the potential gradient across the potentialized collector is connected (transferred) across the free electrons in the load circuit. We assume that the material of the collector and the switching time have been designed so that, shortly after switching to the loading/work cycle, the activated/potentialized free electrons in the electron gas in the collector reach the skin of the collector, and are free to move as current.

    So just after the beginning of cycle two, each of the free electrons in the load circuit now is potentialized and free to move down the wiring. Each potentialized (activated) electron has its own little individual potential gradient across it and coupled to it, due to the overall potential gradient from the collector. Remember, prior to coupling to charges, this potential gradient moves through the circuit at light speed. An EM potential gradient coupled to a charged mass constitutes an EM force field (excess trapped EM energy per coulomb, times the number of collecting coulombs). Now each little free electron with its potential gradient forms a little E-field (force/charge), and that little E-field (force/charge) is free to move. That's all it takes to move (accelerate) the little activated electron's mass through the load (the scatterer). We strongly stress that the potentialized/activated electron moves itself. It doesn't care whether or not the external battery is attached or not. It is its own little motorboat, with its own little engine driving it.

    As the little potentialized electrons reach the load (the scatterer), they bang and clang around in there erratically. That is, the "scatterer" (load) causes spurious accelerations ("scatterings") of these self-driven electrons. As is well-known, when a charge is accelerated, it radiates photons. What actually happens is that these little "jerked around" electrons shuck off their little potential gradients in the load (in the scatterer, or the "jerker-arounder") by emitting/radiating photons in all directions. Hence the heat that is produced in the load; the heat is just these scattered photons. The theory of calorimetry already states that all the excess energy (on the potentialized electrons) will be dissipated as this heat (scattered EM energy).

    When all the potentialized electrons have radiated away their potential gradients in the load (scatterer), they are no longer potentialized. The free electron gas is again "quiescent" and no longer potentialized/activated (again, we are talking about "on the average" from a classical viewpoint).

    Repetition and Review

    Notice What We've Done: We took some trapped EM energy density (a chunk of potential gradient, a "voltage" before current flows) from the source, by switching that potential gradient (energy density, which is joules per coulomb) onto a collector (containing a certain number of coulombs of trapped charges) where the potential gradient activates/potentializes/couples-to these temporarily non translating electrons. So the finite collector collected a finite amount of excess energy [joules/coulomb x collecting (trapped) coulombs] on its now-excited (activated) free electrons. Then, before any current has yet flowed from the source, we switched that potentialized collector (with its temporarily restrained but potentialized electrons; with their finite amount of excess trapped EM energy) away from the source and directly across the load. Shortly thereafter, the relaxation time in the collector expires. The potentialized electrons in the collector are freed to move in the external load circuit, consisting of the collector and the load, and so they do so. The scattering "shock collisions" due to the erratic electron accelerations in the load shake off the little potential gradients on the conduction electrons, emitting photons in all directions, which we call "heat." In shaking off the photons, the electrons lose their little potential gradients, hence lose their activation (excess EM energy).

    Rigorously, we have extracted some energy in trapped form, and allowed it to dissipate in the load, "powering the load" for a finite discharge/dissipation time and doing work.20 Contrary to the conventional electrical power engineering, we have also done this without doing any work inside the source to diminish its ability to furnish potential gradient.

    What Is Energy In An Electric Circuit?

    Energy in an Electric Circuit: Here's the principle loud and clear. Energy in an electric circuit involves only the potentialization and depotentialization of the electron carriers in that circuit.21 It involves only the potential gradient (the joules per coulomb) collected by the circuit to potentialize its electrons, and the number of coulombs of electrons that are potentialized during the collection phase. Electric circuits simply utilize electrons as carriers of "potential gradients," from the source to the load, where these gradients and the activated electrons constitute excess trapped EM energy. In the "shocking/scattering" occurring in the load, the jerking (acceleration) of the electrons causes these activated (trapped-energy-carrying) electrons to shuck off their potential gradients by emitting them as scattered photons (heat).

    If one is thoughtless enough to allow the primary potential source to remain in the circuit during the "work" phase, then one is using the potentialized electrons to also go back into the primary source and scatter energy from its internal resistance (internal load), thereby disorganizing the organization that was producing the source potential and energy in the first place. If one does that, then all the while one is getting some work (scattering of energy) in the load, one is also steadily getting some work done inside the primary source to steadily destroy it! Literally, one is killing the goose that lays the golden eggs.

    Continued Operations: But back to our circuit. After we complete one full collection/discharge cycle, we wish to continue producing work in the external load. So we simply switch the collector back away from the load and onto the primary source, collect some more current-free potential, and again independently switch the collector with its repotentialized free electrons back across the load. We can repeat this two-cycle process to potentialize the external load and power it as long as we wish, from a battery or other source of potential, and never take any power at all from the primary battery. We do not need to drain the battery or source at all, in order to power a load, unless we attempt to power it directly. Powering the external load is always free!

    Nature has been most kind, and we have been most ignorant. You can have all the trapped electrical energy you wish, from any source of potential, for free. You can power all the external loads you wish, for free, by using a collector as a secondary source, and simply shuttling potential between the primary source and the collector.22 But you cannot have power for free from (in) the potential source. If you allow current flow in your collection cycle, you are depleting the separated charges inside the battery that are furnishing the source potential.

    The Coal-Fired Locomotive

    Rigorous Analogy of a Coal-Fired Locomotive. Now here's an exact analogy, to assist in understanding. Imagine a coal-fired train, and a fireman shoveling coal. He has an external load/scatterer of energy (the fire in the firebox under the boiler). He has a primary source of potential/energy (the coal car). No fireman in his right mind would ignite the coal in the chute of the coal bin, to try and get some heat energy into the firebox! [That is, he would not attempt to extract power from the source. Yet that's exactly what all we engineers are trained to do at present.] Instead, the fireman takes out (collects) a finite amount (a shovelful) of coal (trapped energy). Coal per se (the potential gradient) has a certain energy density per unit volume (trapped joules per unit volume of coal) and the shovel (collector) has a certain volume. Accordingly, the shovelful of coal contains a certain amount of trapped joules of energy. In the fireman's shovel (the collector), the energy remains in totally trapped form, as coal not afire and without its trapped energy being dissipated as work. [He doesn't act like a fool and ignite the coal in the shovel either!] He then throws that shovel of coal (collected trapped energy) onto the fire (scatterer), completely separately from the coal bin/source. He continues to repeat his shoveling cycle, and each shovelful of coal added to the fire dissipates additional energy, powering the load.

    The Free Energy Principle

    All potential gradient (trapped excess energy density) is free for the taking.23 The potential is due to the violent VPF exchange between the vacuum and the separated bipolar charges furnishing the source potential gradient. The energy of the entire universe is flowing through that source potential. You can have as much of this internal VPF flux energy (potential) as you wish, as often as you wish, so long as you don't demand current (which is power, or the rate at which the energy is being freed and dissipated). It's really simple. You can have all the trapped energy you wish, from any source. You cannot connect to the source and start to dissipate the energy as power, however, without starting to close the "gate" from which your free trapped energy is coming.

    In other words, here's the iron rule: If you draw current, you kill the bipolarity gate furnishing the potential gradient (source of energy density). In that case, you kill the source. If you do not draw current, you do not kill the bipolarity gate and you do not shut down the source. In that case, you can continue to "use" it and extract trapped EM energy from it forever.

    Definitions Again

    Definitions: I'll put down some simple equations, that may help to explain it more exactly. First we repeat some definitions.

    Energy is any ordering imposed upon the virtual particle flux of vacuum. EM energy is any ordering imposed upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum. Static energy is an ordering (a template) which is stationary with respect to the external observer. Dynamic energy is an ordering (a template) which is not stationary with respect to the external observer.

    Potential: Any ordering imposed upon the virtual particle flux of vacuum. Scalar potential is an ordering (template) that is not moving with respect to the external observer. Vector potential is an ordering (template) that is moving with respect to the external observer.

    The scalar EM potential is any static (with respect to the external observer) ordering imposed upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum. Etc.

    Note again that energy and potential have exactly the same definition. Potential is in fact trapped energy. Scalar EM potential is static EM energy (to the external observer) or trapped (collected) EM energy. In other words, if one takes off a differential of potential onto a fixed number of coulombs, one takes off a certain magnitude of trapped EM energy. In other words, one takes out a shovelful of coal from the coal car.

    Importance of Separation of Charges

    We Must Not Dispel the Separation of Charges In Our Source: The difference in our coal-fired train analogy and our electrical circuit is that, in the coal train, the coal in the coal car is not automatically and continually replenished. Also, the coal in the coal car has already been collected by the mass of the coal car, so it is not infinite. In the electrical circuit, the potential gradient in the primary source is continually replenished, automatically, and it is infinite (though it has a finite energy density). The reason is simple. EM potential (in the normal sense) is actually a virtual photon flux exchange between the vacuum (the entire vacuum, all over the universe) and a charged particle or collection of charged particles.24 Thus the potential (gradient) is a powerful energy flux, pumped by the vacuum and the entire universe, that continues automatically, so long as we do not allow the collected charges in our bipolarity source to be dissipated. In terms of a battery, we achieved separation of charges inside the battery by chemical action, and we paid for that initially. Once separated, the charges essentially stay separated (because of the chemistry) unless we foolishly do something to dissipate them, such as upsetting the chemistry, so they are no longer separated positive from negative. So if we don't do anything to these separated charges, they continue to be driven by their fierce exchange of virtual photon flux with the vacuum/universe. If we then simply extract some of that flux exchange, without moving the charges, we are directly "gating" trapped EM energy from the vacuum/charged particle VPF exchange.25

    The Potential Is Infinite And So Is Its Energy Content

    You Can't Dip The Ocean Dry With a Spoon: Let's say that another way. The charged particles in our potential source are in a constant, seething, equilibrium exchange of trapped EM energy with the entire universe. That energy exchange is so enormous that, if we gate some of it out to collect on some other "temporarily frozen" charges and potentialize/activate them, the vacuum flux doesn't even miss it. It's like dipping a spoonful of water out of the restless ocean. The hole is instantly filled, and the water replenished. We can dip with that spoon as much as we wish, and the ocean will never run dry, but will simply continue to furnish us water, spoonful by spoonful.

    The same is true in our electric circuits. We can have all the potential (trapped EM energy density) we wish, for free, from a single source, so long as we do not allow work to be done inside the source to close off our "gate" and kill our primary source.

    The Twisted Concept of Voltage

    Before We Develop Some Pseudo-Equations: In the equations we wish to develop, we have one problem, due to the lack of insight of conventional electrical physicists. That is, they have insisted upon "measuring" and expressing both the infinite potential (nondissipated) and a certain quantity of potential (dissipated) in volts. So they say "a potential of so many volts." That's nonsense, and totally erroneous. Rigorously, a voltage is a drop or a dissipation of so much (a finite amount of) collected excess potential/energy. You "measure" the voltage in a voltmeter by impressing a potential gradient upon the electron gas in the circuitry, wherein you collect or get in your voltmeter so much [(joules/coulomb) x coulombs]. A tiny current (coulombs/second) from this internal collection then flows for a finite time through the resistance of the voltmeter. So you dissipate (joules/coulomb) x (coulombs/second) x (seconds), which gives a certain amount of energy dissipated as work in moving the needle of the voltmeter. The voltmeter is calibrated so that it effectively indicates the collected energy per coulomb that was dissipated, and it calls that entity voltage. It involves a finite amount of energy that has already been dissipated as work, and it's a measure of the local energy density of the potential in terms of joules/coulomb. It is not a measure of the potential proper. It's after the fact; the extracted (collected) potential gradient it actually refers to existed in the past, before the work (dissipation of the collected trapped energy) was done. To refer to the potential before its dissipation as "voltage" is precisely the same as confusing the future with the past. A "potential (difference) of so many volts" is actually a statement that "a potential difference of so much energy per coulomb" could be dissipated in a load, if it were connected to the load so that a finite amount of energy was collected, and this finite load-collection was allowed to dissipate as power (volts/coulomb x coulomb/sec) for a finite time, yielding work. It's even worse, but it would take a textbook to straighten out this one error in EM theory.

    So we'll leave it at that, and we'll adapt the notion of potential the way it is corrupted in electrical circuit theory. There it's used not really as energy, but rather as excess energy per coulomb of potentialized charge. I apologize for that difficulty, which is not of my own making, but I must use the conventional notion if we are to greatly clarify the pseudo equations.

    The Equations of Free Energy

    The Pseudo-Equations: Let us use the following subscripts and letter convention, and develop the nomenclature needed:

    T = trapped d = dissipated or dissipating

    m = translated (moving) K = energy

    V = volts = potential drop (potential dissipated) = previously collected potential radiated away as heat in a load, doing work on the load in the process. Unfortunately, we shall also have to speak of a potential gradient that is not being dissipated, so we shall have to speak of "trapped volts" which is erroneous, but complies with the common usage.

    f = electrostatic scalar potential. Coul = coulombs

    i = amperes = Dissipating potentialized coulombs per second flowing, so amps are something translating, always. Amps are excited coulombs, per second, that are dissipating their excitation. With superconductivity excluded, you only have amps when you have a potential drop across a load. So we will speak of amps as "dissipating," meaning that potentialized electrons are traveling through a load, dissipating their activation (gradients) in the load by radiating scattered photons (heat).

    n = number of electrons in a coulomb = 6.3 x 1018 electrons/coulomb

    Here are the pseudo equations (superconductivity is excluded):

    ampm = could/sec = n electronsm/sec = n electronsd/sec [1]

    Df = VT (as conventionally referred to). It would be volts if all [2] of it were dissipated, but it is not yet dissipated, so it is sort of "trapped volts". Erroneous, but the common use. So we will speak (somewhat distastefully) of "trapped volts" and "dissipated volts."

    Vd x ampd x sec = watts x sec = power x time = work = Kd [3]

    Vd x could/sec x sec = (work) = Kd [4]

    In the switching, we switch KT to Kd so

    KT Þ Kd [5]

    But VT x coulT = KT [6]

    Or

    [VT] = [KT] / [coulT] = trapped energy/trapped coulomb [7]

    [KT] = [VT] x [coulT] = amount of trapped energy, each cycle [8]

    So that's what we were getting at. The amount of trapped energy you can transfer (in other words, how much coal you get in one shovelful) depends upon the number of trapped electrons you have in the trapped free electron gas in the collector, and the potential gradient you apply to those trapped coulombs to potentialize them.

    Relaxation Time and Semiconductors

    Relaxation Time: The time it takes for the free electrons in a conductor (or material) to reach the skin of the wire after potential is applied, is, of course, called the relaxation time. During that time, the free electrons in the gas are "trapped" insofar as producing current (dissipation of the potential) is concerned. However, immediately after the relaxation time ends, current begins and dissipation of the trapped energy begins.

    In copper, the relaxation time is incredibly rapid. It's about 1.5 x 10-19 sec. However, in quartz it is about 10 days! So as you can see, we need to get somewhere in between these two values, and so we will have to "mix" or "dope" materials. We must get a sufficiently long relaxation time so that we can switch and collect comfortably in cycle one, then switch into cycle two for dispersion of the freely collected energy in the collector. However, the relaxation time we get must also be short enough to allow quick discharge in the load, as soon as we switch the primary source away from the collector. Actually, we need a degenerate semiconductor material instead of plain copper.

    Degenerate Semiconductor Material: A semiconductor material is intermediate between a good conductor and an insulator. It's a nonlinear material, and doped. A degenerate semiconductor material is one which has all its conduction bands filled with electrons, and so it thinks it is a conductor. That is, a degenerate semiconductor is essentially a doped conductor, so to speak. As you can see, we can increase the relaxation time in our "conductors" connected to the source by making them of degenerate semiconductor material. What we're talking about is "doping" the copper in the wire, and in the collector, so that we can have plenty of time to collect, and switch, and discharge, and switch, and collect, etc.

    Now in a doped conductor (degenerate semiconductor), we can tailor the relaxation time by tailoring the doping. We must dope the copper before we make the wire. Why would we wish to do that? We want to overcome the single problem that so far has defeated almost all the "overunity" researchers and inventors.

    WHEN YOU CONNECT TO A SOURCE, YOU CAN ONLY EXTRACT CURRENT-FREE POTENTIAL -- FREE "TRAPPED EM ENERGY" -- DURING THE ELECTRON RELAXATION TIME IN THE CONNECTING CONDUCTORS AND SUCCEEDING CIRCUIT COMPONENTS. AFTER THAT, YOU'RE STEADILY EXTRACTING POWER, AND THE ENERGY EXTRACTED FROM THE SOURCE IS BEING PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE RESISTANCE/LOADING OF THE CIRCUIT, AND PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE SOURCE. IN THE LATTER DISSIPATION, YOU'RE ALSO DISSIPATING YOUR SOURCE BY DOING WORK ON IT INTERNALLY TO KILL IT.

    Good Copper Wire: Bane of Overunity Inventors: Many destitute inventors, tinkering and fiddling with overunity devices, finally get something (a circuit or device) that does yield more work out than they had to input. At that point, they usually conclude that it's simply the specific circuit configuration and its conventional functioning that produces the overunity work. However, usually as soon as this configuration is more carefully built with very good materials, boom! It isn't overunity anymore. The inventors and their assistants then desperately bang and clang away, getting more frustrated as the years pass. The investors get mad, sue for fraud, or get in all sorts of squabbles. The scientists who tested it and found it wanting, pooh-pooh the whole thing as a scam and a fraud, or just a seriously mistaken inventor. Scratch one more "overunity" device.

    Most of these inventors got their successful effect (and possibly erratically) when they were struggling with inferior, usually old, usually corroded materials. Actually, the more inferior, the better. The more contaminated/doped, the better!

    The moment you wire up your circuit with good copper wire connected between the battery or primary source and any kind of load including the distributed circuitry loading itself, you can forget about overunity. You will lose it in the copper, after the first 1.5 x 10-19 second!

    Think of a really good conductor such as copper as an essentially linear material. Linear means energy conservative. Overunity can only be done with a highly nonlinear effect. So your "conductors" have to be made of nonlinear materials. In fact, they have to be made of degenerate semiconductor material. For the type of circuitry we are talking about, the copper has to be doped and then made into "doped copper" wiring. You also have to utilize the primary battery only to potentialize a collector (secondary battery/source), and then use this secondary battery source to conventionally power the load while also killing itself.

    The Wiring And the Collector Must Be of Degenerate Semiconductor (DSC) Material.26 A good materials scientist/engineer, together with a decent electrodynamicist, can readily design and tailor some doped copper wiring so that the material in the wiring is a degenerate semiconductor material, with a target (desired) relaxation time. That's what you should use to make the wiring to connect up your source to the collector with, and that type of material is also what you use in your collector. You can use either a coil or a capacitor as the collector, but its "conductive" material has to be degenerate semiconductor material -- in short, it must be doped to have the proper relaxation time. From the collector to the load, however, obviously you want to use a good conductor material. Ordinary copper will do nicely there.

    Once you do that, you're in business. When making the DSC material, simply tailor the relaxation time to something which is easily switched. For example, take one millisec. With a relaxation time of that long, switching is easy. In fact, one could even use good mechanical switching. Or easily use inexpensive ordinary solid state switching, without having to go all the way to nanosecond switching.

    Then, in the collector, you calculate the number of "trapped coulombs" you have. Take the "trapped voltage" (current-free potential's energy density per coulomb) you extract from the source during the electron relaxation time after the collector is connected. Multiply the number of trapped coulombs in the collector by the trapped voltage during collection, and you have the amount of energy in joules that you extract FOR FREE, without paying for it, from the source during every collection cycle.

    Sources, Collectors, and Power

    Tapping Vacuum Energy. You're getting the excess electrical energy directly from the vacuum, as we briefly pointed out above. The vacuum will freely replenish all the "trapped voltage" you extract from the primary source during the electron relaxation time. It won't replenish a single bit of "dissipated voltage" (power) you extract from the source.

    Note that the same considerations apply in the collector. It's got to have a somewhat longer electron relaxation time. Its electrons stay "unrelaxed" during the collection cycle, and allow for some additional switching time to connect to the load. The "trapped voltage" across the collector multiplied by the number of trapped coulombs in it, gives the number of joules of FREE EM ENERGY you extract and get into and onto the collector (the shovel). In other words, that's your "shovelful of coal." You then throw the "shovelful" onto the fire/load -- you simply disconnect the collector from the primary source and connect it across the external load. The collector (secondary battery) now powers the load and its own internal resistance, "killing" itself while furnishing the energy for powering the external load as well.

    The Source Can Be Almost Anything: You can use as a source a simple elevated wire, to "tap" potential from the 200-300 volts/meter between earth and ionosphere. Here again, you need to utilize calibrated, doped wire.

    Finally, you must adjust the repetition switching in accordance with the discharge time through the load. In other words, you have a serial process as follows:

    (1) extract trapped energy (potential) from the source onto the collector, Dt1.

    (2) Switch the collector off the source, onto the load, during time Dt2.

    (3) Wait while the collected energy in the collector discharges through the load, during time Dt3.

    (4) Switch the collector back off the load and onto the potential source, during time Dt4. That completes one cycle.

    The serial timing simply is [Dt1 + Dt2 + Dt3 + Dt4].

    If you balance all the doping and the materials design, and correlate the switching, you can get all the free energy you wish. Properly utilized, a single car battery can be used to power an electric automobile indefinitely. Or even to power a battleship. In the real world, of course, you will inevitably have a tiny bit of loss as you go, because there's a finite (though high) resistance between the two poles of your battery. Handling that is a piece of cake. Simply run a separate little collection circuit to collect a little bit of trapped EM energy from the slowly leaking source, and ever so often feed the collected energy back into the battery as power, to "reseparate" the charges (charge the battery) and replace the small amount of the primary source's potential gradient that has been lost. The battery, load, and "trickle charger" then become a closed-circuit free-energy source that will last for years and years.

    Limited Only By One's Imagination: Of course you can see many variants; this is just the "master key." You can have multiple collectors, collecting trapped energy simultaneously or in sequence off a single source, and pooling their collected energy to more powerfully power the load. You can utilize a very high "voltage", such as in the Swiss electrostatic overunity device, to increase the energy collected per coulomb in each switching (in each shovelful) in accord with equation [8]. For a battery, you can set a separate little collector/load device to trickle-charge the battery, overcoming the small normal "leakage current" that does occur in batteries and in real circuits and devices. The opportunities are endless. You can put in a unit to take mostly only power-free energy from the "power line" feeding your business or home, reducing your utility bill by -- say -- 90%. Or you can simply build a small home power unit to do the whole job, for only a few hundred dollars. This simple secret can be used to power the world, cheaply and cleanly, and to clean up the biosphere.



    Conclusion



    Well, there you have it. I've given you the benefit of what required most of my adult life to discover. The definitions advanced in this paper are rigorous. It took years of sweat and tears to come up with them. They're simple, but they will change your entire understanding of electromagnetics, power, and energy once you grasp them. Please read them, and ponder them, several times. One or two readings will not be sufficient to fully grasp what is said here.

    Also, hopefully, by this time, the reader is beginning to experience the same emotions as I experienced when I finally discovered how simple it all really was. First one wants to laugh for about two hours at how truly ignorant we've all been. Then one wants to cry for about two hours for the same reason. This could all have been done a century ago, if we had ever really understood electromagnetics.

    We've had this electromagnetics around for over 100 years -- Maxwell's book was published in 1873. We got it wrong, starting right with Maxwell and his use of the material ether, which was almost universally assumed at the time. Still, by using quaternions, Maxwell succeeded in packing a great deal more in the model than even he himself recognized. When the vector aspects interacted to form a zero resultant translationally, those active interactants were still in there and still fighting and interacting. The scalar component of the quaternion remained, and infolded those struggling vectors and functions of them inside itself. In short, it captured the case where the electromagnetic energies are involved in translation actions which nullify each other translationally (electromagnetically). However, the energies are still in there in the continuing interactants inside the zero vector resultant. As such, they are trapped EM energy. And it is the trapped EM energy inside a mass -- not the mass per se -- which is responsible for gravitation. In other words, Maxwell's theory already correctly captured the unification of the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field in 1873.

    Then Heaviside et al forced Maxwell's theory into a vector framework, throwing out the scalar component, and discarding the unification of gravitation and electromagnetics along with it. Serious errors were made and still exist in many of the fundamental definitions; in fact, many of them aren't definitions at all. Nearly every engineer and physicist can readily calculate potentials -- all, of course, on the "dissipation" side where the potentials are actually the amount of potential that was collected upon a collector and then dissipated. I could find hardly a single physicist who really knew what a scalar potential was prior to a finite amount being collected and dissipated as voltage. Yet 99% of them firmly believed they understood the potential.

    So now you have the results of this researcher's long and arduous quest for the golden fleece. Please go forward with it, to make this a better and cleaner world for everyone.

    Just remember that the control and use of energy is personal power. The control and use of absolute energy is the control and use of absolute personal power. In the old adage, power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.

    Please use it wisely.

    Now - I warned you about the water wheel analogy - I guess I should have mentioned the steam loco analogy but I figured you'd all cope with that...so can we now move on?..

    Whose ready for "Plasmoidal Induction Electrodynamic Propulsion" theory?

    Just sing out when your ready - I need a rest from all this typing anyway!

    You want those 20 questions now - or you wanna wait, till we've done the plasma propulson thing?
    :rolleyes:

    Cheers!:cool: :D
     

  15. orange flash
    Joined: May 2002
    Posts: 1
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    Location: perth western australia

    orange flash New Member

    hull truth still closed eh
     
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